tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88860975914498954362024-03-08T08:08:11.924-08:00Professional essay writerResearch Paper Topics DanceRodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-27111484671522574322020-08-24T13:16:00.001-07:002020-08-24T13:16:04.227-07:00Marxism vs Functionalism Free EssaysAs a sociological order, functionalism is counterposed to Marxism. Anyway it imparts to Marxism the significance of ââ¬Ëtotalityââ¬â¢ and the comparing view that logical request depends on the association of parts inside an entirety. It is essential to recognize why the Marxian utilization of the totality varies fundamentally from functionalist frameworks. We will compose a custom exposition test on Marxism versus Functionalism or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Principally this includes the Marxian accentuation on the opposing character of the entire and the treatment of the social totality from the viewpoint of its contentions. Functionalism interestingly sees society for the most part as a steady framework and searches for the instruments that give it agreement â⬠it consequently tries to diminish struggle to a lingering component of the framework, or view strife from the point of view of its support of the social framework. Marxism was established by Karl Marx. Marx considered society to be isolated into two significant parts, the financial base also called the foundation and the super-structure. Functionalists consider society to be a lot of parts which cooperate to shape an entirety. Functionalism is additionally called an accord hypothesis. Marxism and functionalism are comparative in that they see that the manner in which society is organized as a significant part in deciding the manner in which individuals have connections and carry on between themselves. This is known as basic point of view. The two functionalists and Marxists accept that individuals are depicted as animal inside the social framework. Functionalists accept that society works to the advantage of everyone. They stress that social orders keep on existing on the grounds that a great deal of the time there is agreement between different angles. The most effective method to refer to Marxism versus Functionalism, Papers Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-74729843695711768202020-08-22T01:24:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:24:34.059-07:00How Is Dramatic Tension Created in Act 2 Scene 2 of Macbeth Free EssaysShakespear composed the play ââ¬ËMacbethââ¬â¢ in the sixteenth century and its set in the eleventh century. The various subjects investigated in this play are Power, Fate, Destiny, Evil just as the unnatural. The play is about Macbeth attempting to pick up power in merciless manners in view of the forecasts the three witches made. We will compose a custom exposition test on How Is Dramatic Tension Created in Act 2 Scene 2 of Macbeth? or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Woman Macbeth assumes a significant job all through the play too as a ground-breaking elizabethan lady. In Act 2 Scene 2 Macbeth begins going crazy because of the blame and we see an adjustment in his character directly before this scene Macbethââ¬â¢s executed the ruler and now is vanishing of blame. This is an exceptionally essential scene in the play as I accept this is the defining moment of the play as after this scene more wrongdoing is commited as well. The scene starts with Lady Macbeth talking. The crowd comprehends that Lady Macbeth is sitting tight for her better half to come back from commiting the wrongdoing. Woman Macbeth is by all accounts excited and upset, disclosing to herself that its all going to be alright. She feels brave and courageous, the crowd gets this thought as she continues rehashing her arrangement again and again and over again believeing in herself feeling ââ¬Å"boldâ⬠asserting she has ââ¬Å"fireâ⬠. Woman Macbeth comes out as an exceptionally solid Elizabethan lady who has faith in her own capacity to control and control Macbeth the manner in which she loves it. She first says ââ¬Å"that what hath made them alcoholic, hath made striking; What hath quenchââ¬â¢d them, hath give me fireâ⬠this is her truism she is energized as she accepts that her better half is going to accomplish significance and become the lord, his arrangements have made her energetic about the passing of Duncan or would she say she is attempting to persuade herself that she is on the right track to design the homicide? A Shakespearian crowd would begin to accept that she is a witch as in Shakespeare times they firmly trusted in witches. Motivation behind why Shakespear composed this play was because of King James the firstââ¬â¢s fixation on black magic. A Shakespearen crowd would be extremely dismayed as they would anticipate that a lady in those occasions should be very obident and blameless. Shes intended to speak to her better half anyway Lady Macbeth carries on much in an unexpected way. This gives the feeling that she is wound as she considers murder to be something so trifling and has no sentiment of blame at all, to a degree of arranging the demise of the Duncan.. A ruler likewise in those occasions is supposed to be as a ââ¬Å"messanger of Godâ⬠consequently slaughtering a Godââ¬â¢s messanger would be something that could lead upto capital punishment. A cutting edge crowd would not be as stunned as a Shakespearn crowd as society has now changed and such conduct is normal in a lady too yet some may differ and act astounded as ladies are believed to be the more defenseless, vulnerable ones in the public arena and could never anticipate that them should carry on as such. Macbeth enters when the wrongdoing is commited. Woman Macbeth makes a point to welcome him. Emotional pressure first beginnings when Lady Macbeth says ââ¬Ëthe owl shout and the crickets cryââ¬â¢. To a cutting edge crowd, this has no importance however during Shakespearean occasions these commotions were indications of somebody who has passed on/death. Additionally, something insidious and unatural. Short sentences are utilized to develop sensational strain. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth utilize one worded addresses and pose short inquiries. For instance: ââ¬ËWhen? ââ¬â¢ ââ¬ËNow. ââ¬â¢ ââ¬ËAs I slipped? ââ¬â¢ ââ¬ËAy. ââ¬â¢ This develops strain as the peruser may trust Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are terrified so the discussion is short and smart. In the event that this scene was re-established the entertainer would peruse this in a quieted voice and a calm tone as they wouldnââ¬â¢t need to get captured. The crowd knows that Macbeth has commited a transgression. The crowd would start to feel wary and strain develops in light of the fact that what occurs next isn't predicatble, the crowd isn't sure on the off chance that they would get captured or heard by somebody. This is the place things begin to get a wind and this scene gets all the more intriguing as we see an adjustment in the characters. This is the place Macbethââ¬â¢s frenzy begins just as his blame and the dread that individuals will find what has occurred. The subject of blame is then developed all through this scene. Woman Macbeth appears to keep her sentences short in this piece of the scene as she feels that Macbeth is beginning to go crazy. She makes statements, for example, ââ¬Å"Consider it not all that deeplyâ⬠she doesnââ¬â¢t need to confound him furthur or needs him to feel any feeling of blame as this would ruin her disguise. Macbeth says ââ¬Å"I had most need of gift, and ââ¬ËAmenââ¬â¢ Stuck in my throatâ⬠He wont state a blessed word as hes conflicted with the entirety of The celestial privileges of Kings which implies he has likewise conflicted with God. The crowd comprehends his blame and feels anyway they realize he fouled up and furthermore conflicted with his religion along these lines itââ¬â¢s justifiable that Macbeth ought to endure with his blame. Religion is appeared now. Woman Macbeth pays heed to Macbethââ¬â¢s condition and attempts to sound good to him For instance ââ¬ËThese deeds must not be thought, After these ways; in this way, it will make us madââ¬â¢. She ensures herself and is decisive. The crowd can see no indications of disappointment or blame with her at all. The topic of nature and blame are continually rehashed all through this scene. ââ¬ËSleep no more! Macbeth murders sleepââ¬â¢ which proposes that individuals will be in dread that Macbeth is left free. Rest is natureââ¬â¢s method of recuperating an individual and Macbeth canââ¬â¢t get any as he conflicted with all the guidelines of nature â⬠ââ¬Å"Sleep no more; Macbeth will rest no moreâ⬠. Macbeth says ââ¬ËI heard a voice cryââ¬â¢. This recommends hes going crazy as he hears different voices in his mind. The steady reiteration of referal to nature and religion underlines his blame and lament; He realizes he fouled up and rehashing it helps him to remember that. Macbeth feels befuddled and vulnerable as his madness gets hard to manage. Woman Macbeth begins to pay heed to Macbethââ¬â¢s franticness and attempts to assume responsibility for it. Subjects of blame and lament are still continued. Woman Macbeth attempts to inforce her words on him, For instance ââ¬ËInfirm of direction! As though shes instructing him to acknowledge the realities and proceed onward. Woman Macbeth despite everything gives no indications of blame or lament. She is baffled and nearly yelling at him, constraining him into accepting the manner in which she does. Her manner of speaking and utilization of language is cruel which assaults Macbethââ¬â¢s pride and conscience as a man. She i ntellectually controls him into intuition her way. Woman Macbeth takes control and is inspired by the need to not get captured and by the covetousness of intensity so then she can turn into the sovereign. The crowd can by and by observe her manipulative side and feels thoughtful towards Macbeth. She advises Macbeth to give her the blades; she causes Macbeth to feel futile and little as an individual, straightforwardly assaulting his pride as a man. Macbethââ¬â¢s frenzy keeps on deteriorating. Woman Macbeth says ââ¬Å"My hands are of your shading; however I disgrace To wear a heart so whiteâ⬠She causes him to feel that he done likewise wrongdoing as her yet shes superbly fine yet hes acting like a defeatist, she continues assaulting his pride with the goal that she gets what she asks for from him. As during Shakespearean occasions, pride and respect implied a lot of significance. Macbeth doesnââ¬â¢t show any of this now. Turning into the sovereign is the most significant inspiration for her right now. Shes driven by her need and covetousness for power. Utilization of language is utilized to assemble strain, Shakespeare utilizes an overstatement to communicate Macbethââ¬â¢s blame and the topic of disappointment. For instance ââ¬ËWill all extraordinary Neptuneââ¬â¢s sea wash this blood clean from my hands? ââ¬â¢ This discloses to me that Macbeth feels extremely remorseful hes looking at what he did as large an arrangement as the entire sea saying Macbeth would require a sea so huge for him to be pardoned or to wipe away the proof of his wrongdoing and wash this wrongdoing, this blood off their mind. Likewise ââ¬ËThe countless oceans in incarnadine, making the green one redââ¬â¢. This symbolism of blood and red is rehashed and overstated which at that point connects to blame and the subject of blood. Short sentences and clamor, for example, ââ¬ËKnockingââ¬â¢ is utilized more than once to develop strain, the dread that anybody will discover keeps them restless. Sensational strain is made all through this scene by the utilization of language, short sentences, metaphors, reiteration and symbolism. This scene is a significant one in the play as this is the place we see an adjustment in the characters and theres a contort in the story. This makes anticipation and makes it flighty so the crowd needs to recognize what will occur straightaway and keep them intrigued and needing more. Exaggerations accentuate the pivotal topics in this scene like how Macbeth needs the seas to depict his blame and lament. Reiteration makes the activity persistent and appear to be significant as its being rehashed a few times and short sentences accelerate the pace of which the activities occur at and help develop pressure. Step by step instructions to refer to How Is Dramatic Tension Created in Act 2 Scene 2 of Macbeth?, Papers Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-39272033153276914012020-07-21T01:21:00.001-07:002020-07-21T01:21:02.821-07:00Fresh Ink New Books Out Today January 22, 2012Fresh Ink New Books Out Today January 22, 2012 A little of everything this weekfiction, lit crit, memoir, and nonfiction/journalism. Whats your pleasure? The Antagonist by Lynn Coady (Knopf) Ive not ready Lynn Coady, and I think this epistolary novel (hooray for epistolary novels!) looks like just the place to start. The Antagonist has already been out in Canada for a while, and fellow Rioter Brenna Gray chose it as the best book she read in July for our Riot Round-Up. Heres what she had to say: A former teenage thug confronts the novelist who borrowed his life experience for fiction, and in so doing uncovers the reasons that underlie the choices we all make. Funny and arresting, and occasionally very very uncomfortable, this is Coady at her best since her groundbreaking Strange Heaven. Sounds good, right? Artful by Ali Smith (The Penguin Press) Oh hey, hybrid-genre-mashup-meta-book. If you like your literary criticism with a creative twist, Ali Smiths latest might be right up your alley. Heres how the publisher describes it: In February 2012, the novelist Ali Smith delivered the Weidenfeld lectures on European comparative literature at St. Annes College, Oxford. Her lectures took the shape of this set of discursive stories. Refusing to be tied down to either fiction or the essay form, Artful is narrated by a character who is hauntedâ"literallyâ"by a former lover, the writer of a series of lectures about art and literature. A hypnotic dialogue unfolds, a duet between and a meditation on art and storytelling, a book about love, grief, memory, and revitalization. Smiths heady powers as a fiction writer harmonize with her keen perceptions as a reader and critic to form a living thing that reminds us that life and art are never separate. Drinking with Men: A Memoir by Rosie Schaap (Riverhead) [not out until this Thursday 1/24, but we HAD to include today!] A good bar is a thing of beautyits a refuge, an oasis, a place of fun, relaxation, and alcohol-fueled Great Ideas. I say this not just as Book Riots resident hollow-legged drinker but as someone who has undertaken more than a few projects that were originally created while sitting side-by-side with a friend, sharing a pint or a freshly uncorked bottle. Rosie Schaap, too, knows the pleasures of a good baras both bartender and patronand she celebrates the camaraderie and community one finds drinking in bars in this hilarious and spot-on new memoir. If your favorite watering hole holds a special place in your heart, if you can trace some of your best memories and most meaningful conversations to a barstool, this book is for you. Love in the Time of Algorithms: What Technology Does to Meeting and Mating by Dan Slater (Current) You cant swing a cat these days without hitting an op-ed about how the internet has changed datingnevermind the fact that Millennials, who use the internet for everything, have never known dating without itbut the stories are often one-sided. At this point, weve heard from all sorts of people who met their loves online, or who had their hearts broken upon discovering that would-be lover misrepresented him or herself. But what about the people who make online dating sites, and make their living facilitating algorithm-based matchmaking? This new book promises not just a look at the history and psychology of online dating but interviews with the creators of internet dating sites. Whats it like to make to profit from other peoples hopes and loneliness and relationships? (Am I the only one who wonders about this?) Where does morality meet business sense? I dont know, and Im excited to read this and find out. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox. Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-2170494854869258652020-05-21T23:58:00.001-07:002020-05-21T23:58:04.465-07:00Diversity in Spain - 1147 Words Abstract In this paper I focus on the different types of ethnic groups and diversity in Spain. I will explain the difficulties of each group and how each of them suffer. The participation rates, earnings, and employment differences among the group are also mentioned. Diversity in Spain Spain has a population of 39.5 million and is ethnically heterogeneous. While the overwhelming majority of the residents of Spain identify themselves as Spaniards, there are also number of distinct regionals and linguistic groups, and in recent years, an increasing number of foreign workers. Spaniard is a national cultural designation rather than a name for a specific ethnic group. Spain has a number of native populations. In addition to theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦People from the United States number 16,000; Venezuelans 9,300; and Cuban 5,100. Africans in Spain primarily come from North African and West Africa. Unofficial figures suggest that in the 1900s there are over 100,000 Africans, most of them Moroccans. Of all the immigrant groups in Spain, it is the Africans who suffer the most discrimination. African immigrants and their advocates have argued that Foreigner Law of 1985 has been applied inconsistently. (Levinson, 1998). They are denied fair access to jobs and other no n-African groups are given preference in hiring. In Spain, racism and discrimination seems particularly relevant if we consider the strategic location of the country as the southern frontier of the European Union, and also if we keep in mind that Spain is one of the countries which have seen the greatest growth in immigrant population in the last few years. While Spain is, in general, free of ethnic strife, there is a major ongoing ethnic conflict. The primary ethnic conflict focus on the increasing number of immigrants coming from Africa, particularly Morocco, who are perceived as taking jobs that Spaniards want. The new African immigrants also include a large number who are undocumented. Part of Spainââ¬â¢s difficulty in dealing with foreignShow MoreRelatedSpain : Unique And Different From Other European Countries1681 Words à |à 7 PagesSpain ââ¬â Unique in Every Way Spain - what makes this unique country so special and so different from other European countries? 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An increasing growth rate is important in dealing business because it helps outside Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-63063904752179798302020-05-06T23:59:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:59:25.117-07:00The Language Of Family Is A Universal Essay - 2019 Words The language of family is a universal one. While one may not prioritize family above all else, they will still be able to see that every person deserves the chance to live in a healthy environment, including a family- one could mention life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. However, slave narratives from the 18th and 19th century have shown us the previously commonly held belief that African slaves were somehow less than human, and therefore could not love their families in the same way white people did, or need to exist by the same standard of decent living as white people. Descriptions of family life and living conditions given to us by slaves show just how determined white slave owners were to make their constructed stereotypes realities, and expose justifications for slavery as just that- justifications. Former slaves like Frederick Douglass, Mary Prince, Venture Smith, James Mars, and William Grimes shared their stories not only to aid in the fight to end slavery, but all of the harmful stereotypes about people of African descent that had developed along with the institution of slavery. Black slaves lived in a world of constructed stereotypes. In order to dehumanize them, white people asserted that they were inferior of mind, sexually promiscuous, unable to be virtuous, and dangerous- closer to animal than man. Christoph Meiners, a German philosopher and polygenist who coined the term ââ¬Å"Caucasianâ⬠, said that white people, being purer, had softer, more easilyShow MoreRelatedThe Family Of Man Exhibition1482 Words à |à 6 PagesCurated by Edward Steichen and first shown in 1955, The Family of Man Exhibition is claimed to be the most powerful and ââ¬Å"greatest photographic exhibition of all time.â⬠This said to be culmination of his career brings forward an overall idea or theme of unity and relation among all globally. The exhibition s layout and works all display people rendering or displaying recognizable actions, as a result, havi ng a great impact on the many people who have viewed the show. Two photographs in particularRead MoreDo Humans Perceive And Categorize The World?1715 Words à |à 7 Pageslinguistic and cultural categories influence how people perceive, remember, and categorize the world? What, if any, universals seem to exist? 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Cambridge dictionary defines language as #39;a system of communication#39; among human beings Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-40555710407103768422020-05-06T08:54:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:54:34.924-07:00Memorandum â⬠for Hospitality Free Essays Memorandum To: Kitchen Operations Staff From: Human Resources Date: 30th February 2013 Subject: Prevention of food poisoning. This memo is intended to inform and update employees on the work practices in the kitchen that are important in the prevention of food poisoning. Employees are expected to have a clear understanding of The Food Act 2003(NSW) and Food Regulations 2004(NSW). We will write a custom essay sample on Memorandum ââ¬â for Hospitality or any similar topic only for you Order Now A copy of the Act is available with your supervisor for reference. Food handlers are legally obliged to follow these requirements. Please ensure a HACCP process is followed during the production of food. Periodic checks and audits from internal and external teams are necessary to ascertain proper HACCP processes are followed. (It should be noted that HACCP process is a legal obligation for food handlers). Employees must maintain proper personal hygiene. This is inclusive of some golden rules such as good personal grooming, treating cuts and wounds and washing hands regularly. Personal health issues that pose a risk in the workplace (food borne/airborne diseases, illnesses such as influenza or infections from open cuts/wounds) should be treated as soon as possible. Food preparation procedures include proper maintenance of the food preparation areas and food service areas. Particular care must be taken to the correct hand washing technique and the usage of gloves when handling food. Safe food storage is a legal obligation. Goods should be stored according to the manufacturerââ¬â¢s instruction, temperature controlled , properly packed and labelled, checked for expiration, follow stock rotation, avoid storing chemicals in old containers and store substances in separate well-lit and ventilated storerooms. Ensure that the bins are sanitised and emptied regularly. Be sure to categorise the waste storage area so that waste and recyclable items are separated. Objects and areas such as work benches , utensils , dinnerware and glassware should be cleaned and sanitised thoroughly to prevent contamination. Regular checks to be done on temperature controlled equipment. Maintaining temperature is an important aspect of food preservation. Any malfunction of these equipment should be immediately reported and rectified. All of the above if not followed can cause food contamination which could possibly lead to Food poisoning which broadly falls under Chemical (caused by the presence of chemicals ââ¬â such as cleaning agents ), Biological (harmful bacteria that is formed on food due to food spoilage from incorrect preservation of food) or Physical ( caused by glass fragments or metal shavings from incorrect preparation process) food poisoning. Signed, General Manager Human Resources Riya Jude __________________________________________________________________________________ All employees must read this memo and sign the declaration below: I read and understood the work practices in the kitchen that are important in the prevention of food poisoning. Name:| Signature:| Date:| | | | | | | | | | How to cite Memorandum ââ¬â for Hospitality, Essay examples Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-18699055551544386272020-04-26T20:55:00.001-07:002020-04-26T20:55:03.671-07:00The Laramie Project Essay Summary Example For Students The Laramie Project Essay Summary When I reading the project, I was shocked by what happened in the small town, and after I finished reading, I was moved by the ending. At the beginning of the script, there is a monologue describing the whole event, express what changed after the crime, I think it is Matthewââ¬â¢s teacher. As a director, I am going to let one actor talking on the stage alone to describe the whole event in detail, I am going to use some light that is not very bright to create a depressive environment, the person who is doing that will be wearing a teacher custom, and wearing a glass, he will have a low tone voice, and looked very knowledgeable and calm. We will write a custom essay on The Laramie Project Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There wonââ¬â¢t be any props on the stage. When Amanda went to Linda and wanted to talk about Matthew, they rejected to talk to her about it, and said: ââ¬Å"we do not want any more of this, you are not wanted here. â⬠As a director, I am going to use a door to separate Amanda and Lindaââ¬â¢s family. They will talk between the door. Amanda will be wearing fashion cloth since she is from New York, Lindaââ¬â¢s family will be wearing very domiciliary. The next person did accept the interview, but he always talk about other things like introducing the Laramie town, when he came to the past when he was applying for Angel in America scene, his parents told him that they would not come the see him because homosexualityââ¬â¢s wrong. It brought to the mean topic. But he said, he did that scene only because he just want to win. For this scene, I am going to put two chairs on the stage, and just let two put seat on them and talk, at first the interviewee will be very excited to talk about the Laramie town, and then when he start talking about the scene part, he got nervous and start to panic. He will be wearing working cloth, I did not remember what he do, but he will be wearing cloth that can show that what his job is. The third person is Trish Stager, owner of a shop in town, he know Matthew, and he said Matthew want him to call him Matt instead of Matthew. For this scene, I am going to make a backward scene to show how it is happened, I am going to make an actor Matthew, and create a plot that show he went to the shop and talk to Trish stager. The fourth person I think is a taxi driver, as a director, I am going to make him sit in the fake car, and talk out of the window. He is going to be a uneducated man, he will be wearing a cheap cloth, but looks very friendly. There are some scenes that I donââ¬â¢t think I will included in my drama, like the one talking about Matthew want to get into political affairs, and he all his big interest is watching CNN and MSNBC and another scene like his smile make people feel good. I will include the scene where a person who is also a gay talking about his experience, he said that when she first moved to Laramie, she knew it was going to be hard as a gay man, when there is a woman interviewing her and ask her about her husband, she told her that she was a lesbian, she would go to Denver, and go to the gay bars there, and she realized that there are so many people came from Wyoming, but all of them are saying Wyoming is not a place where they can live and they had to get out. .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 , .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 .postImageUrl , .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 , .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20:hover , .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20:visited , .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20:active { border:0!important; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20:active , .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20 .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ca7ce8cbbd511961f97a145eae27d20:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Mentor's Last Words EssayBut she said every once in a while, thereââ¬â¢d be a guy says he miss Laramie, then he decided that he would try to stay there, and she called the woman who interviewed her and who already know that she is a lesbian. Surprisingly, the woman is Lesbian as well, and she want to see her immediately. And the woman also warned her about the fact that there is other Lesbian in the town who would not be seen with her. As a director, I will make the woman who is talking about her experience has short hair, and looks handsome, she will be taller than the regular woman, and looks sporty. I will also include the scene where the bartender talking about the process of how Matthew got beaten up, he did not believe what Russell and Aaron-the two boys who beat Matthew up said, they said that it was Matthew came to them first. As a director, I will make two stages, one is the bartender talking about the process, and another is two characters beating Matthewââ¬â¢s character up. After this scene, some people finally start talking about this crime, right after it, the true witness come along, it was him who rescued Matthew, although it was too late, he said that Matthew was tied with a real thin white rope, and It was wound around the bottom of the pole about four inches off the ground, he describes how he rescued him in details, therefore I will make this plot back to the situation when he rescuing Matthew, I will use some fake blood and put them all over the Matthewââ¬â¢s face and body, and tied him with a rope. After that there are some defenders of Russell and Aaron, the defender said that he is the landlord, and he saw Russell in the Christmas party, totally drunk but did not change his personality at all. And some defenders talked about how good kid is Aaron, and he has a kid, and although he do not like gays, he was fine as long as the gay people do not come up to him. As a director, I will make the defender looks very innocent in a very fake way, they will dressed up and looks good, but I will make them talk the way that audience do not like. There are also some plot where some people do not agree with homosexuality, as a director, I will make all the people who do not agree standing on the stage, and talk one by one, and then after a while they became unorganized and higher their voice, make the audience feel annoy and could hear them clear. I will also make some noises when they are talking, the light will be so bright that the audiences feel uncomfortable. After that good people in the town realized that they need to own this crime, and after they do that they felt comfortable and release. After that it is the gay community gathering, I will make it very encouraging, they will be sitting in a circle and talk kindly, and fearly because it is talking about they are afraid of telling others that they are homosexual, and they are always afraid a pickup truck do a U-turn. They will update Matthewââ¬â¢s condition. There will be a homecoming parade scene where a lot of people around the United States and the fortune of the University of Wyoming football team. Later on, Matthew died, his family again asked to express their sincerest gratitude to the entire world for the overwhelming response to their son. People started to pay attention to this crime. People are sending Emails and letters, as a director, for this plot, I will make a letter rain, which a lot of letters falling from the sky, one person standing on the stage talking like a reporter on the TV. He will be wearing suite, and it looks like he was be recorded. For the Funeral scene, I will make a lot of people standing on the stage and looked sad and crying. Like the script said, they are all dressed in black, it is too costly for me to make a rain scene, so I just passed that. .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 , .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 .postImageUrl , .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 , .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100:hover , .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100:visited , .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100:active { border:0!important; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100:active , .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100 .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4cc7a3a325990e2541c4b5f6568b100:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ EssayFor the court scene, I will make it longer than the other scenes because it is kind of important, when Russell and Aaron are defending themselves that when they were driving Matthew home, Matthew started to affend them, so they beat them up. They will be very confident at the beginning, and then after more and more questions to be asked, they finally confess. At the end, I will play a romantic song for the end because it is a kind of good ending. Overall, I like this script, and I would like to watch the movie too. As a director, I am choosing this script because I think it is very educated and interesting. Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-51142675130817749792020-03-19T02:13:00.001-07:002020-03-19T02:13:02.473-07:00How to Write a Romance Novel ðŸ ðŸHow to Write a Romance Novel ðŸââ" ðŸâ⢠How to Write a Romance Novel Romance novels have always captured our hearts - they contain the intrigue, intimacy, and basic human drama that all readers love. And while it was once a ââ¬Å"shamefulâ⬠genre read mostly in secret, romance today is having a huge moment, with mega-popular books like Outlander and Crazy Rich Asians even being adapted for film and TV. So why not get in on the zeitgeist and learn how to write a romance novel of your very own?Luckily, though love itself may be hard to explain, the process of writing about it isnââ¬â¢t. Here are our seven best tips for writing romance, including all the crucial elements you need. Weââ¬â¢ll use examples from a variety of sources to show you how to employ them - though not all these examples are strictly romance themselves, their tropes and techniques are key to the genre. How to write romance that'll make your readers swoonÃ Ã°Å¸Ë 1. Find your nicheIf you've never even tried to write romance before, donââ¬â¢t worry - weââ¬â¢ll start you off easy. The first thing to know is that the genre, like Walt Whitman, is large and contains multitudes. Thereââ¬â¢s no one right way to write romance, as evidenced by the fact that it encompasses so many subgenres!Popular subgenres of romance include:HistoricalContemporaryYoung adultFantasyParanormal/supernaturalReligious or spiritualEroticSo if youââ¬â¢re concerned that your writing wonââ¬â¢t ââ¬Å"fitâ⬠with the genre, never fear: you just have to find the right niche. And the best way to do that is by reading romance yourself! Of course, you may have already read quite a bit within a particular subgenre and youââ¬â¢re confident thatââ¬â¢s where you fit in. But if not, nowââ¬â¢s the time to explore the many glorious facets that romance has to offer. 2. Set the stage effectivelySetting is absolutely paramount in romance. Why? Well, for a couple of reasons:Romance is all about escape - and if the setting isnââ¬â¢t immersive enough, readers wonââ¬â¢t be able to lose themselves in the story.Many romance authors go on to write a series based on their first novel (more on that later). So the setting needs to be a place both reader and author will want to return to, book after book.What defines a strong setting in romance?Contemporary romances tend to have cozy, small-scale settings: quaint villages, college campuses, etc. There might be a local haunt where the main characters frequently meet (such as a diner or bookstore), and where gossiping friends and neighbors hang around to add a bit of comedy. If youââ¬â¢re sticking to the standard, youââ¬â¢ll want to have one of these ââ¬Å"compactâ⬠settings where people canââ¬â¢t help but run into each other. ðŸËâ°If youââ¬â¢re writing for a more specific subgenre , however, your setting could take on different qualities. For example, the historical romance Outlander takes place in a small settlement in the Scottish Highlands, but the constant tension and violence that occurs there doesnââ¬â¢t exactly make for a cutesy, cozy setting. Nevertheless, it works for the story because threats from the outside ultimately bring the main couple closer together. A strong main couple is key to compulsively readable romance. Image: Buena Vista Pictures4. Use tried-and-true tropesNow weââ¬â¢re getting into the meat and potatoes of the story. Again, there are so many possible paths for your main couple to take, itââ¬â¢d be impossible to describe them all! But here are just a few tried-and-true devices that many romance authors have used successfully. (If youââ¬â¢re hungry for more, you can always check out this post on classic romance tropes.)Friends/enemies to loversTwo of the most beloved romantic devices of all time. The main couple knows each other, but they just donââ¬â¢t see each other in that way - or they may not like each other at all.Ã Ã°Å¸Ë § Luckily, all that's about to change.Friends to lovers tends to work best when thereââ¬â¢s another big conflict or project distracting one or both of the main characters, so they donââ¬â¢t get together until the very end. This is basically the plot of that Netflix movie Set I t Up: the two main characters are so focused on getting their bosses to fall in love, they donââ¬â¢t realize that they themselves would make a great couple.Enemies to lovers is the perfect device for two characters who clash in some fundamental way. For example, one might be very Type A and the other more Type B (see: 27 Dresses). Or one is a hardworking single parent while the other is a spoiled rich bachelor/bachelorette whoââ¬â¢s never had to work a day in their lives (see: Overboard).And of course, thereââ¬â¢s always enemies to friends to lovers - arguably the most effective and realistic iteration of this trope, as evidenced by Pride and Prejudice and When Harry Met Sally. The hero and heroine hate each other at first sight, gradually get to know one another and become friends, and ultimately fall deeply in love. Itââ¬â¢s the perfect combination of fiery tension and genuine connection, and if you can pull it off, the payoff is incredibly satisfying.One helps the ot her one healAs we discussed, the hero in romance often has some deep psychological wound inflicted by his past. (The heroine can, too, but itââ¬â¢s more common among heroes.) It might just be a backstory detail, but it can also serve as a source of conflict for your couple: the damage impedes their relationship or his mental health, so the heroine has to help the hero heal.A prime example of this device occurs in Me Before You, in which the heroine, Louisa, literally becomes a carer for a quadriplegic man named Will. Will is bitter and depressed at first, but eventually he opens up to Lou and becomes much less negative - not to mention he helps her see own potential. Weââ¬â¢re not going to give out any spoilers, but itââ¬â¢s safe to say that heââ¬â¢s much better off for having met her, and both agree that their time together was invaluable.Choosing each other all over againAh, the quintessential trope of Rachel McAdams movies. For those who havenââ¬â¢t seen The Noteb ook or The Vow, this device involves the hero and heroine either being separated for a very long time, or one of them outright forgetting who the other one is - due to amnesia, dementia, or some supernatural phenomenon. Then they have to choose each other all over again, hence proving that theyââ¬â¢re well and truly soulmates. (For a more recent example, check out the season four Black Mirror episode ââ¬Å"Hang the DJ.â⬠)Also remember that, as much as readers love these devices, itââ¬â¢s still important to put your own spin on them. Infuse unique elements to add intrigue/suspense, or just for pure entertainment! For example, Ten Things I Hate About You is based on Shakespeareââ¬â¢s classic romantic comedy The Taming of the Shrew - but itââ¬â¢s set in modern day with high schoolers, which makes it much more fresh and accessible. A new romance book template... that's made for you Read post One of the best tactics for writing intimate scenes is to simply study those that you think are written well. The author you emulate will depend on your subgenre and personal taste, but some mainstream authors who write good, nuanced love and sex scenes are Curtis Sittenfeld, Sally Rooney, and yes, Nicholas Sparks. The more you read and hone your own language for it, the better your love scenes will be. Trust us: your readers will thank you. Tips for writing love scenes ðŸ⠥ and more on how to write romance ⠤ï ¸ 6. Donââ¬â¢t neglect secondary charactersWhile the main couple is obviously where most of your characterization focus should be, secondary characters are critical to a well-rounded romance. After all, when the heroineââ¬â¢s agonizing over her hot-and-cold text conversation with the hero, whoââ¬â¢s she going to ask for advice? Why, her Tinder aficionado roommate, of course.Secondary characters fill out the world of your romance novel. Friends, family, neighbors, coworkers, and even arch-enemies - say, someone whoââ¬â¢s competing with one of your main characters for the other characterââ¬â¢s interest - all contribute to making the story come to life.Best friends are typically the most important secondary characters in romance, since theyââ¬â¢re the ones who dispense advice, give pep talks, and generally add color to the story. Theyââ¬â¢re often a little bit quirky, but thatââ¬â¢s why the main characters love themâ⬠¦ and why readers do too!Still, ensure tha t most of the focus remains on your main couple, as we mentioned. Former Harlequin editor Ann Leslie Tuttle notes that secondary characters can sometimes become ââ¬Å"too pervasiveâ⬠in romance, which is a big no-no. ââ¬Å"You donââ¬â¢t want to run the risk of making them more interesting than your own hero and heroine,â⬠she says.Series potential?Having a solid secondary character presence is especially important if you want to turn your novel into a series. There are a few ways to create a series from a standalone romance, but one of the easiest (and most enticing to readers!) is to write the next novel about one (or two) of the secondary characters - especially best friends, siblings, or romantic competitors of the main characters. Emily Giffin does this seamlessly in her novels, Something Borrowed and Something Blue: two of the heroineââ¬â¢s best friends in the first book, who initially seem like opposites, end up getting together in the sequel.This strategy i s great because it ensures a smooth transition from book to book, since readers will already be familiar with the setting and cast of characters. Plus, it sets you up for a cycle that you could theoretically repeat ad infinitum: each new sequel simply centers around characters who were secondary in the previous book. Best of luck and have fun romancing your readers!à ðŸâËWhat's one of the best ways to hone your romance writing craft? Reading, of course! Here are some Reedsy Discovery lists of romance books to get you started (and possibly find your niche):40+ Paranormal Romance Books with Bite30+ Best Young Adult Romance Books That You Can't Miss Out OnThe 10 Best Historical Romance Novels Like Outlander Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-73137979297595350362020-03-02T17:57:00.001-08:002020-03-02T17:57:03.119-08:00About Architect David M. Childs, Design PartnerAbout Architect David M. Childs, Design Partner Architect David Childs (born April 1, 1941 in Princeton, New Jersey) is best known as the designer of the One World Trade Center we see today in Lower Manhattan. His long relationship with Skidmore, Owings Merrill (SOM) has given this senior statesman of American architecture wide-ranging experience and success. David Magie Childs was priviledged to attend the best private schools in the United states - from the Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Massachusetts to his 1963 Bachelors degree from Yale University. His career as an architect began after completing a graduate degree from Yale School of Art and Architecture in 1967. He began his professional career in Washington, D.C. when from 1968 to 1971 he joined the Pennsylvania Avenue Commission. Fresh out of Yale University, Childs formed a strong relationship with both Nathaniel Owings, a founding partner of Skidmore Owings and Merrill (SOM), and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, a future U.S. Senator from New York State. From 1964 until 1973, Childs future employer, Nathaniel Owings, was chairman of President Kennedys Temporary Commission on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC. In the early years of the Kennedy administration, the plan to redesign Pennsylvania Avenue was the most significant redevelopment project in the country, claims the SOM website. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the young Assistant Secretary of Labor in the Kennedy Administration, led the governments plan to revitalize Pennsylvania Avenue and the National Mall. Through this Commissions hard work, negotiations, and consensus, Pennsylvania Avenue is now a designated National Historic Site. One could argue that Childs early experiences on the Commission led the young architect to a lifelong proficiency in public architecture, city planning, and the politics behind construction and design - skills needed to accomplish his goals in the complicated days after September 11, 2011. David Childs has been associated with SOM since 1971, at first working on projects in Washington, D.C. From 1975 until 1981 he was Chairman of the National Capital Planning Commission involved in the 1976 Washington Mall Master Plan and Constitution Gardens. He worked on the 1984 National Geographic Society M Street Building and then the U.S. News and World Report Headquarters, both in Washington, D.C. By 1984 David Childs had moved to New York City, where hes been working on SOM projects ever since. A portfolio of his projects highlights a number of buildings in New York Cityà - the Worldwide Plaza at 825 8th Avenue (1989); Bertelsmann Tower at Times Square (1990); Times Square Tower at 7 Times Square (2004); Bear Stearns at 383 Madison Avenue (2001); AOL Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle (2004); and, of course, 7 World Trade Center (2006) and 1 World Trade Center (2014). Moynihan Station Redevelopment at the James A. Farley Post Office and 35 Hudson Yards are his latest project for the City of New York. Outside of The Big Apple, Childs was the design architect for the 1998 Robert C. Byrd United States Courthouse in Charleston, West Virginia and the 1999 U.S. Embassy in Ottawa, Canada. In May 2012, David Childs was one of fifteen Architects of Healing receiving a special AIA Gold Medallion for his redesign of One World Trade Center and Seven World Trade Center in New York City. Childs is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA). David Childs In His Own Words I like big complicated projects where you have to assemble teams, deal with the down-and-dirty contractors, the marketplace and the leasing agents with an imagination level only as high as what made money last time. - 2003, The New York Times Each of us architects has had mentors and teachers whose work and words have guided us as well. For me they include Nat Owings, Pat Moynihan, Vincent Scully. It is thus been a very collective effort in the fullest sense, and I believe every American can equally take pride in what is and has been accomplished. - 2012 AIA National Convention You know what a Richard Meier building will look like; theres a style. Im more like Eero Saarinen, whom I revere. His buildings all look different. - 2003, The New York Times The U.S. invented skyscrapers, but weve fallen behind. WTC 1 is a solution to many technical problems, and it represents the very best in codes, structure, and safety. Its a concrete core with steel exterior, which is an efficient and safe system, but it had not been done in New York for a host of reasons, mostly because of the arrangement between trade groups. The form tapers on its four corners, which buildings - like trees - want to do anyway. - 2011 AIArchitect What Others Say Throughout his years of practice in Washington, Mr. Childs became noted for his design of appropriate architecture, buildings and spaces that respond to their settings and programs rather than pursue a preconceived architectural image. - U.S. Department of State Your work demonstrates that architecture is the art of compromise and collaboration, that it is a social act, never created by one person working alone and always creating community. As a creative artist successfully negotiating within a world governed by corporate objectives you have shown that aesthetic vision and functional considerations can coexist, that architecture is the art of both the real and the visionary. You compose steel and glass the way a poet constructs phrases and in so doing create physical entities that reflect personal aspirations and a collective self-image. Your buildings grace our environment and enrich our lives. - Colby Collge Sources Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc41.htm [accessed September 2, 2012]Nathaniel A. Owings, FAIA, Architect and Founding Partner, 1903-1984, Skidmore Owings and Merrill (SOM), www.som.com/content.cfm/nathaniel_a_owings [accessed September 2, 2012]The New Ground Zero: The Invisible Architect, Julie V. Iovine, The New York Times, August 31, 2003 [accessed August 15, 2012]Architects of Healing Videos, American Institute of Architects, 2012 [accessed August 15, 2012]AIArchitect Talks with David Childs, FAIA, John Gendall, AIArchitect, 2011 [accessed August 15, 2012]U.S. State Department, http://canada.usembassy.gov/about-us/embassy-information/frequently-asked-questions/embassy-architects.html [accessed September 5, 2012]Citation for David M. Childs, Colby College, May 22, 2005, colby.edu/news_events/commencement/2005/honorary/citation-childs.cfm [accessed August 15, 2012] Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-76245470884276868362020-02-15T09:23:00.001-08:002020-02-15T09:23:03.121-08:00Google chrome Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsGoogle chrome - Research Paper Example Its current stable version for Windows is Version 33.0.1750.154 m. It is available for iOS, LINUX, OS X, Android and MAC. (Firtman,à 2013, p.à 66-67) Google Chrome has the function to save pages that were visited number of times on the homepage of the browser. These pages appear as thumbnails normally below the Googleââ¬â¢s search box. One just has to click to the thumbnail to visit the website. This option is not enabled by default. User has to enable it by entering "about:flags" in your Omnibox and then search "Stacked Tabs" on the Flags page. (Rome & Loton,à 2013, p.à 36-37) This will not let the tabs to squeeze into the browser instead it will stack on top of each other when space runs out. One more thing to know is that, this option is available for ââ¬Å"Windowsâ⬠only. Circle on the fig. (b) explains the view. Google Chrome is the first browser to have its own task manager like the windows Task Manager. It enables the user to observe the active processes (within Chrome), the amount of memory, CPU, and network resources these processes are consuming. It can be accessed by right clicking on Google Chromeââ¬â¢s title bar. Fig., (c) can ease to understand. Google Chrome by default has this option only to search in its search engine using voice. One can send messages even get direction and can perform other voice related tasks. Google chrome may even reply in the voice if a question is being asked. Only thing to make sure is the correctly working microphone either internal or externally connected. Fig. (d) can explain it. Using Chromeââ¬â¢s address bar type the required thing and hit enter and it will redirect to the required search page automatically. Chrome eliminates the difference between a browser and a search engine by redefining the navigation window. User does not have to use the separate search box for searching the phrase (as shown in Fig., (e) below). Google has integrated most of its services into Chrome. Services like Google Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-9511494883416729822020-02-02T07:02:00.001-08:002020-02-02T07:02:03.250-08:00Fair value accounting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsFair value accounting - Coursework Example Fair value accounting has been an important aspect of US GAAP (United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) for over five decades yet its implementation increased significantly since issuance of Fair Value Measurement Standard (FAS 157) in 2006 by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (Ryan, 2008; Khan, 2010). Fair value accounting, which is also known as mark to market accounting, gained considerable amount of spotlight as a result of its controversial role in the financial crisis of 2007-08. Critics argued that if fair value accounting does not have direct role in the crisis, it at least exacerbated the severity of the crisis. The prominent allegation suggests that fair value accounting results in heightened leverage during the market boom period while market bust resulted in excessive write-downs. The write-downs resulted capital depletion for financial corporations, required them to sell assets, and thereby initiated downward spiral (Ryan, 2008; Laux and Leuz, 2009). The paper scrutinizes the accusation against the accounting approach with respect to various facts. Additionally, the paper assesses benefits and weaknesses of the fair value accounting which has further been compared with traditional accounting for better evaluation. i. In an illiquid market, fair value accounting can be considered as a weakly defined concept that focuses on hypothetical transaction price which cannot be measured in a reliable manner irrespective of any kind of guideline that is provided by the FASB. ii. Studies suggest that when fair value of an asset or a liability is determined from a source that is different from the liquid markets, the scope of engagement of the corporation in certain accounting behaviour such as discretionary income management increases due to unverifiable nature of the information regarding fair value. iv. Under this accounting approach, recognition of Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-47675095890022517482020-01-25T03:26:00.001-08:002020-01-25T03:26:03.198-08:00Flannery OConnors Good Country People Essay -- essays research paper In Flannery O'Connor's short story "Good Country People," Hulga is a woman who lives with her mother, Mrs. Hopewell, and has an artificial leg. Mrs. Freeman is a lady who was hired by Mrs. Hopewell to work around her property. A theme that seems to recurr in "Good Country People" is lying that becomes harsher each time. Mrs. Freeman works on tricking Mrs. Hopewell into leaving Hulga alone. She is constantly telling Mrs. Hopewell about each of her daughters and always gossiping. Perhaps she occupies Mrs. Hopewell because she does like her company. On the other hand, Mrs. Freeman could have felt sorry for Hulga and tried to get and keep Mrs. Hopewell's attention so that Hulga could have a temporary reprieve fro... Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-4842182326207617512020-01-16T23:50:00.001-08:002020-01-16T23:50:05.882-08:00Not a Good DayThe classroom was stuffy. The lesson was boring. There was a heavy atmosphere in the room; everyone was tense wondering if the teacher was going to explode again, ranting and raving. The teacher, Mr Perry, was being as annoying as possible, talking in a deep, slow, flat voice, pronouncing each word as slowly and perfectly as possible. ââ¬Å"So, if you multiply together these two numbers, and divide the answer by six, you get the answer to the question.â⬠It hadn't been a good day for him so far today. His car had broken down this morning, he had loads of overdue marking to do, his year eight class earlier in the day had caused him a load of hassle and he had a meeting with his boss after he had finished teaching and he knew it wasn't going to be good news. It was the end of the day and no-one wanted to be in the lesson. It was one of those beautiful, warm sunny summer afternoons outside, but inside it felt like the calm before the storm. Earlier on in the lesson it hadn't been pleasant. Anna had just been sitting at the back keeping herself to herself, at least she had been pretending to be, but when there's an interesting piece of gossip going round, it has to be thoroughly discussed and looked at from every angle. It's not really the best idea to write the note on a fluorescent pink post-it note, its not exactly subtle. Of course, he saw the note, stormed over, snatched it away and of course read it out loud to the class. The note had just been from one of Anna's friends and it had just been asking if she was going shopping on Saturday. It was something innocent, luckily it had been, seeing as it was read out to the entire class. That had been about half an hour earlier. ââ¬Å"Sir, can I open the window please? I feel as if I'm about to faint.â⬠whined Cassie. ââ¬Å"No.â⬠was the short, sharp simple reply. ââ¬Å"Sir, can I pull the blinds down?â⬠ââ¬Å"No.â⬠All of a sudden there was a loud crash. Someone had knocked their tin on the floor. Anna quickly bent down to retrieve her tin, it had been an accident, she didn't mean to knock it on the floor. ââ¬Å"Who did that?â⬠Mr Perry boomed, his voice echoing around the room, making everyone wake up. All of a sudden everyone was awake and alert and tense again wondering what his reaction would be. His first reaction made the situation worse. He was silent, he did nothing. Then slowly, he stood up and walked towards Anna, with his eyes boring deep into hers, cold and icy. ââ¬Å"Anna, could you come here a minute please?â⬠he said as sweetly and non-threateningly as he could. ââ¬Å"Er, sir, do I have to? The look he gave her in reply gave her the answer loud and clear. He marched over towards the door, and opened it and politely said ââ¬Å"after you.â⬠There was a muffled whisper of good luck from the back of the room as Anna disappeared out of sight. There was more air out in the corridor, the fresh summer breeze felt good on her face, it was easier to breathe, and she went and stood by the open window, a luxury they weren't allowed in the classroom. ââ¬Å"What do you want sir?â⬠Anna wanted to get straight to the point and know what she had done wrong. ââ¬Å"Is there something wrong Anna, at school, or at home maybe?â⬠ââ¬Å"No, why?â⬠â⬠I just wanted to know if there was something bothering you, something that you wanted to take your mind off. You seem to be becoming a persistent troublemaker and I don't want you to be because you're a good student the majority of the time. Recently though your behaviour has been starting to slip, you're letting your standards drop. I don't like troublemakers in my lessons. If you think that you are going to get away with any of this bad behaviour, you can think again about coming back to my lessons. You can go back inside now.â⬠He had a very strange expression on his face as he was saying this, he was frowning, it was as if something was puzzling him, and he just stood there completely upright with his hands on his hips. Anna on the other hand looked completely shocked as if she couldn't believe what she was hearing, and what he was saying about her. Her mouth hung open a little bit and her eyes were wide and starring straight at Mr Perry. She was slouching and her arms just hung by her sides, as if she had no control over them and she couldn't move. Anna was left standing there, shocked and not entirely sure what to think or say. She wasn't thinking straight now. Anger was boiling up inside her, and she didn't know when she was going to explode. She walked back into the classroom as if she was on autopilot, and collapsed into her seat. She stayed like that for the next ten minutes or so and thenâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. ââ¬Å"Sir, I don't know what you think you were talking about out there. I am not a persistent troublemaker, I don't have any problems here or home, and you know what? I have been thinking about what you said and it is my pleasure to tell you that I will not be coming to any more of your lessons. You must be joking to think that I'd actually want to spend an hour each day with you, an hour of your bad tempers, an hour or your rude and insulting comments, an hour of your yelling and shouting.â⬠Mr Perry looked up sharply, surprised and not expecting this sudden outburst. He wasn't in the mood for dealing with troublesome teenagers. He was going through a bit of a rough patch, he had bills piling up, he was possibly going to get evicted from his flat, and he had his boss constantly hanging around and watching his every move. He wasn't really thinking straight and he just snapped. ââ¬Å"THAT IS ENOUGH. GET OUT OF HERE NOW.â⬠He stood up from his desk and strode over to where she sat. He gave her that evil glare again but this time it was full of evil and hatred. He towered over her, shaking with anger ââ¬Å"I SAID ANNA TAILOR, GET OUT OF HERE NOW.â⬠He raised his fist, and that did it for Anna, she leapt out of her seat, and ran to the door screaming ââ¬Å"You haven't heard the last of this, I'll be back you know, I swear that I'm going to get you fired.â⬠Mr Perry stood there, perfectly still and silent, realising what he had done as he stared at Anna disappearing down the corridor out of sight. The rest of the class was shocked, no-one said a word, no-one moved. Work was the last thing on everyone's mind. Luckily, the bell went. Time seemed to have disappeared. Everyone packed their bags in silence and just crept out of the room. Mr Perry still stood in the exact same place, not moving at all with a frozen expression fixed on his face. Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-14537737800966735432020-01-08T20:11:00.001-08:002020-01-08T20:11:03.870-08:00Othello, By William Shakespeare - 1203 Words Most other Shakespearean characters commit malicious actions in order to achieve a particular goal. Oftentimes the reason is ambition, as in Macbeth, or revenge, as in Hamlet. What is interesting about Iago is that the audience never knows for certain why it is that Iago wants to destroy Othello. His evil comes without a motive. The characterization of Iago as a motiveless malignity was first proposed by Samuel Taylor Coleridge as he was preparing a series of lectures delivered in 1818. Coleridge calls him a motiveless malignity at the end of Act 1, Scene 3 when Iago leaves Roderigo, saying, Go to, farewell. Put money enough in your purse, and then gives the soliloquy beginning Thus do I ever make my fool my purse (1.3.423-426).â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Another example is at the very beginning when Iago proclaims to Brabantio, ââ¬Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram, Is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise!â⬠(1.1.89-90). He uses strong racist language to incite a nger in Desdemonaââ¬â¢s father, and manipulates him into being very angry. These examples of his persuasion throughout the plot contribute to the fact that he is able to manipulate anyone however he likes. His manipulative tendencies are important in regard to the motiveless malignity. A motive is a reason for doing something, and it is generally to achieve something. With the knowledge that Iago is able to get anything he wants, one can only assume that there is nothing that is trying to get by manipulating these people, which shows that he is just being evil for the sake of being evil with no particular reason. Nevertheless, one can easily argue against the conclusion that Iago is evil for no particular reason. There are specific instances throughout the text when Iago soliloquizes about specifically why he hates the Moor. However, these reasons are not very consistent and continue to change. The story begins with Iago resenting Othello because of professional jealousy, but the n he changes the reason of hatred to his potential feelings for Desdemona and his dislike for the relationship between the two of them. It again changes to the possibility of Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-68120147900407807282019-12-31T16:37:00.001-08:002019-12-31T16:37:04.781-08:00Movie Review Movie - 3220 Words SENTIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MOVIE REVIEWS Final Year Project Report Submitted by VARUN BHAU WALA (A003) CHIRAG BEND ALE (A007) DHRUV MEHTA (A063) Under the guidance of Prof. ANSHUL GUPTA in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of B.Tech INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY At Department of Information Technology Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering NMIMS (Deemed ââ¬âto-be university) JVPD Scheme Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400 056 APRIL, 2015 2 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled ââ¬Å"SENTIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MOVIE REVIEWSââ¬Å" is the bonafide work carried out by VARUN BHAUWALA, CHIRAG BENDALE, DHRUV MEHTA of B.Tech (IT), MPSTME, Mumbai, during the VIII Semester of the academic year 2014-2015, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelors of Technology as per norms prescribed by NMIMS. The project work has been assessed and found to be satisfactory. (Signature of Internal Mentor) (Signature of External Examiner) Name:Prof.Anshul gupta Name: Designation: Assistant Professor Designation: HOD (IT) Dean (Prof. Vijay Raisinghani) (Dr. Sharad Y. Mhaiskar) 3 DECLARATION We, VARUN BHAUWALA, CHIRAG BENDALE, DHRUV MEHTA, roll numbers: A003, A007, A063 respectively, understand that plagiarism is defined as any one or the combination of the following: 1. Uncredited verbatim copying of individual sentences, paragraphs or illustrations (such as graphs, diagrams, etc.) from any source, published orShow MoreRelatedMovie Review : Easy Rider1600 Words à |à 7 Pagesof television in order for films to compete with television, movies needed more than a new shape and new sound; they needed to present material that could not be found on the small screen. 1968 was a pivotal year in American history. 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Cleopatra was in fact the last of the great the pharaohs of Egypt and it can be said that she was as famous as Elizabeth Taylor who had been chosen to portray the fascinating ruler. Cleopatra was an intelligent Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-24132888948118339902019-12-23T12:24:00.001-08:002019-12-23T12:24:04.473-08:00Republican Presidential Candidate Donald Trump - 985 Words While republican presidential candidate Donald Trump has many different policies planned under the category of ââ¬Å"immigrationâ⬠, one specific policy stands tall among the rest. When announcing his run for the presidency, Mr. Trump announced that he would deport all illegal immigrant criminals and build a wall (specifically on the southern border) to protect the American citizens from any more illegals. Trump stated on the matter, ââ¬Å"If they ve had a bad record, if they ve been arrested, if they ve been in jail, they re never coming back. Right now, we don t have a country, we don t have a border, and we re going to do something about it.â⬠Originally, this notion was met by much controversy from the media, the general public, and other interest groups. But, then a young American woman was shot and killed in California by an undocumented immigrant. According to immigration officials, this illegal immigrant was said to have been deported five times already and was a k nown felon. The specifics of this tragedy seemed to be the catalyst by which Mr. Trumpââ¬â¢s popularity grew among many Americans and his plan for a border wall has become a sort of signature for his campaign. Despite the backlash he has received from the media and other established politicians, the ââ¬Ëaverage Americanââ¬â¢ seems to be rooting for this billionaire businessman. Also, the perceived disconnect he might have from the middle and working class, due to his wealth and status, has not evidently affected hisShow MoreRelatedCurrent Events Journal Of Hillary Clinton s Poll Numbers1527 Words à |à 7 Pagesnytimes.com/2016/10/01/us/politics/presidential-election-polls.html?ref=politics B) Following a good performance in Monday nightââ¬â¢s debate, Hillary Clintonââ¬â¢s poll numbers have risen in a number of key states. First, in a poll taken in Florida after the debate by Mason-Dixon polling and research, Clinton held a 46 percent to 42 percent advantage over Donald Trump, which was significant given that a New York Times Upshot/Siena College poll had shown that the candidates were virtually even in the stateRead MorePresidential Candidates And Their Policies1530 Words à |à 7 PagesThe 2016 Presidential Candidates and their Policies Of the many Presidential Candidates that America has for the 2016 Presidential Election, there are those who have national television coverage and those whose names havenââ¬â¢t been announced to the world. 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Actually, they will do anything as to even map out a strategy to sabotage him. With Donald Trump in the lead, there was tightening grip at the Republicans presidential nominees while Donald Trump was running against Ted Cruz. No matter how the Republican Presidential primary unfolds from here all the party operatives are after him. Since March, Donald Trump has beenRead MoreCan Donald Trump Really President?1280 Words à |à 6 PagesCan Donald Trump Actually Become President? By Lauren Johnson A question that seems to keep showing up these days is ââ¬Å"can Donald Trump actually become president?â⬠Most people seem to be finding the presidential race this year really interesting and Trump is a candidate who is doing much better than most people thought possible. I really wonder if thereââ¬â¢s a chance this guy could win. After researching the topic Iââ¬â¢ve concluded that yes, Donald Trump can become president of the United States. ThisRead MoreThe Presidential Debate On Politics Essay1140 Words à |à 5 PagesI should preface this essay with the fact that I tend to lean Republican in my political beliefs but I think that our current political debates are broken. A constructive national debate is something that is quite important to the functioning of the American system of democracy. Civil discussions and disagreements have been what fuels progress in this country. Now, at a time of heightened awareness from many American people, the political debates in this country donââ¬â¢t seem to be providing them with Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-51149632547681321772019-12-15T08:54:00.001-08:002019-12-15T08:54:05.714-08:00The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Free Essays The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Robert Wiene, the director of the film, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, combines fact and fiction in his expressionist film in effort to captivate his viewers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari or any similar topic only for you Order Now This film portrays the element of fantasy in that it has an imaginary realm. The film breaks the rules of realism. In the story everything is crooked and all the sets are painted. The people with authority are revealed in exaggerated high chairs; for example the police is shown sitting on one of the high chairs in the police station. Francis first turns away from reality after Allen has been murdered because of the psychological pain it causes. In order to cope with this, Francis fantasizes that he is not the target of blame for his best friendââ¬â¢s murder by blaming Dr. Calgari. His fantasy extends to a point where he is seen as the hero by challenging Dr. Caligari and Cesare. Later on in the film, it is discovered that the dream work that Francisââ¬â¢s unconscious mind uses to produce this story is related to the Freudian dream analysis; he mechanisms and symbols to produce his fantasy. In addition, Dr. Caligari and Cesare are not real people; they are fragments of Francisââ¬â¢ imagination and serve as objects used to place blame upon. The films ambiguous ending leaves the validity of Francisââ¬â¢ story unknown because his illness is not explicitly confirmed. However, the Freudian theory shows that Francis has fantasized the entire story to satisfy his guilty mind. How to cite The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Papers Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-74044017247305038042019-12-07T05:38:00.001-08:002019-12-07T05:38:03.470-08:00Market Structure and Market Failures in Sri Lankan Tobacco Industry free essay sample The number of registered tobacco growers rose during the 1980s and most of the 1990s, but fell sharply in 1998 and 1999. It is estimated that tobacco growing provides between 5,355 and 16,580 full-time equivalent jobs (the range depends on the labor requirements per hectare), which is just a fraction of one percent of the total labor force (0. 08-0. 25%). Employment in tobacco manufacturing has fallen since 1990, from 6-7% of all manufacturing employment to 4-5% (the lower number refers to employment, the higher number also includes others engaged in the sector). Production volumes were fairly steady averaging around 5. billion sticks between 1995 and 1999, with a marked fall to 4. 6 billion in 2000. An estimated approximately 3 billion bidis are produced annually as well. There is no information on illegal production of so-called white cigarettesâ⬠. Average salaries and wages in the tobacco industry are about half the level for all manufacturing, and have fallen slightly in real terms during the 1990s. Manufacturing sector indirect tobacco employment is estimated to be small, of the order of 150 people. There are about 41,000 retailers that sell tobacco products, which typically account for only a small part of heir total turnover. The Sri Lankan tobacco industry is dominated by the Ceylon Tobacco Company (CTC). The holding company of CTC is the British American Tobacco Company (BAT). BAT is the second largest tobacco company in the world. That is more or less a monopolistic situation in the island by the CTC. CTC contributed Rs. 31. 9 billion to the national economy of Sri Lanka in 2005. The increase of 14% over 2004 is mainly attributed to the increased excise rates on cigarettes and raids carried out by law enforcement authorities to minimize the presence of smuggled and illicit cigarettes in the market. The Companyââ¬â¢s contribution totals 9. 5% of the countryââ¬â¢s total revenue and 1. 49% of GDP. Sri Lanka continues to have the highest rate of taxation in the world on cigarettes at 80%. Export values of raw and manufactured tobacco have fallen, making Sri Lanka a net importer in tobacco trade, with a corresponding outflow of foreign exchange. 2. 0Sri Lankan Tobacco Market Structure Analysis Porterââ¬â¢s five forces model has been used to analyze the Sri Lankan tobacco market structure. Potential entrances â⬠¢High due to high economies of scale. CTC produces in large scale of cigarettes where unit cost per stick has dramatically reduced. So new entrance cannot afford to offer this low price as CTC. â⬠¢High product differentiation due to product branding. CTC offers various world class products such as Dunhill, John Player Gold Leaf and Benson Hedges. â⬠¢Legal regularity government barriers. Banning of smoking in public places such as pubs, restaurants, public transports and all enclosed work places. Banned advertisement on television, radio, news papers and bill boards. High tax imposed by government that is more than 80% per stick. Furthermore the government policies such as ââ¬Å"Mahinda Chinthanayaâ⬠are enforced to reduce the consumption of cigarettes. Bargaining power of buyers â⬠¢Bargaining power buyers are more less reason being because it is a habitual product and more addictive. â⬠¢On the other hand consumers show high brand loyalty. For example Gold Leaf smokers would consume same brand only. â⬠¢Although the increase in taxes was passed on to the customers, demand for tobacco remained relatively high. Cigarettes distributed through very wide range of retail outlets, none with significant clout. Bargaining power of suppliers â⬠¢Bargaining power of the tobacco leaf growers are low. Since subsidiary companies operate leaf growing programs through which they provide direct agronomy support to farmers if it is not otherwise available. So CTC has the direct control over the leaf growers. Even though the import option is als o available bargaining power of international suppliers also high due to huge demand worldwide. â⬠¢When it comes to the tobacco leafs there exists low presents of substitutes. Threats of substitute â⬠¢Threats of substitute are low â⬠¢Herbal cigarettes, Weed, Marijuana, Cannabis, Nicotine Patches, Nicotine Gums, Nicotine inhalers are among the substitutes. â⬠¢Since high impose of the regulations and taxes, increasing number of illicit cigarettes can be seen. Rivalry Among competitors â⬠¢There is low concentration of companies therefore competition is very low, the fact that there is heavy branding and brand loyalty supports this. In fact CTC is playing the monopolistic role where it enjoys the abnormal profits with the high market share. 2. The Private and Social Costs of Smoking Smoking creates a difference between private and social costs and benefits. Cigarette consumers derive private benefit from smoking and their habit entails a private cost. But the act of consumption creates negative externalities so that the social cost of exceeds the private cost. It is unlikely the smokers consider the external costs they are creating when they ar e lighting up. Smoker may also suffer from the information failure. So that they are not fully aware of the long term damage created by their smoking habit. That is they are over estimating the private benefit that they get from smoking. If smokers fail to consider the externalities they generate then market failure will occur which will lead to loss of social welfare. Because of the impact on human life, many of these externalities are impossible to value accurately in monetary terms. 2. 1. 1Private Costs and Social Costs of Smoking If you consider the private consumption costs as follows, A 20 a day smoker will spend about Rs. 131400 year on cigarettes. People on low income spend proportionally more of their income on tobacco than wealthier people. Cigarettes are products with negative income elasticity of demand. So the health costs to the private consumer is about half of all regular cigarette smokers will be eventually killed by their habit from lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease and heart disease. Increased health insurance costs with high premiums for smokers. Costs to the national health system of treating smoking related diseases are very high. Smoking itself is regarded as a major source of health inequalities. Lost output/productivity from working days lost and absenteeism caused by smoking related illnesses. Increased pressure on the welfare state/benefits system to finance those unable to work because of long term illness, plus the benefits paid to dependents of those who die young. Costs created by household fires linked to smoking. Cigarettes are major source of street litter and it will create cleaning and building maintenance costs dramatically. 2. 1. 2Explaining the Market Failure Consumption of cigarettes creates external costs. Therefore the social cost exceeds private cost. Private optimum is where marginal private cost (the cost of an extra unit consumed) equates with the marginal private benefit (the satisfaction from an extra unit). Social optimum takes into account the social cost. Without intervention, the self interest of smokers will lead to cigarettes being over consumed and under priced by the market. So without a marker for pollution smokers can continue to pollute without penalty. Following figure 1 illustrates the market failure due to smoking. Figure 1: Illustrating market failure 3. 0Taxation and Regulations If cigarettes and other related products are classified as demerit goods then market failure can occur. In this case there is an economic rationale for some form of government intervention in market mechanism. Different intervention strategies are possible as follows, â⬠¢Use of Taxation of cigarettes products. â⬠¢Command and control through regulation. â⬠¢Education Health awareness to alter demand. â⬠¢Increase government spending on behavioral treatments and pharmacotherapy (nicotine replacement and non-nicotine medications) in order to reduce tobacco dependence. In each case we need to consider the effectiveness of each form of intervention, related issue of equity (fairness) to different groups. 3. 1Command and Control of the industry Sri Lanka has the highest tobacco taxes in the Asian region. Over 80% of the final retail price is tax (VAT, green taxes and excise duty). The average tax composition in other nations is around 55 percent. The aim of higher taxation is to increase the real cost of purchasing and consumer cigarettes. Higher prices should control demand by reducing the real incomes of cigarette smokers and increasing the opportunity cost of continuing to smoke. Lower consumption rates reduce output towards the social optimum reducing the extent of market failure. Taxation is also justified on the grounds of making the polluter pay for the external costs that are created. Extra revenue from taxation can be used to find improvements in the health care (e. g. the concept of an ear-marked tax) Can impose following regulations, â⬠¢Legal restriction on consumption. oBanning smoking in all sort of public places â⬠¢Legal bans on the importation of cigarettes in Sri Lanka. â⬠¢Health and safety at work act oIncluding an obligation on employers to protect. Employees from passive smoking. Creating separate smoking areas in the work place. â⬠¢Regulation on tobacco products labeling. â⬠¢Legal restriction on advertisement. Banning direct advertisement on public media such as TV, radio, print media, internet etc. Even there is a ban on indirect advertisement such as sponsoring sports like cricket Benson Hedges tournament. Government directives â⬠¢Sets maximum upper limit of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide for cigarettes sold. â⬠¢Health warnings must occupy at least 30% of the front surface of the pack and 40% of rear. â⬠¢Directive bans words such as light or mild as part of a brand name. â⬠¢Taxes on cigarettes should represent a minimum of 80% of the final retail price. Formulation of Government Policies â⬠¢Ã¢â¬ËMahinda Chinthanyaââ¬â¢ is the good example as it addresses ways and means to reduce cigarette consumption by 2012 under ââ¬ËMathata Thithakââ¬â¢ programme. 3. 2Indirect Taxes and Price Elasticity of Demand Figure 2: Indirect taxes price elasticity of demand The figure 2 shows the impact of increases in tax depends on the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes. Price elasticity (responsiveness) will vary across different groups of consumers that are younger and older smokers, males and females. 4. 0Problems and Future Forecast 4. 1Problems Demand tends to be price inelastic therefore high rates of taxation are required to alter demand to any great extent. The burden of the tax tends to fall most on low income consumers suggesting that cigarette taxes are regressive. As the real value of taxation rises, so too does the incentive to smuggle in cheaper imports leading to increases tax evasion. People are motivated to use inferior quality products due to high price of legal products. The tobacco industry point to the many thousands of jobs at risk in tobacco manufacturing, distribution and retailing that might be lost if taxation reaches a penal rate. Education and health awareness campaigns: Market failure can be caused by information failure. Consumers may be unaware of the short and longer term health risks associated with smoking. If education and health awareness programs are effective, some consumers may revise their estimated benefit from consumers may revise their estimated benefit from consumption. Information shocks such as the publication of research studies with significant new information on the health effects of smoking, and health warnings have the effect of reducing demand. Following figure 3 shows this effect more clearly. Figure 3: Reduce of demand with the health awareness 4. 2Future Forecast Even though tobacco industry in Sri Lanka will face increasing higher tax rates and regulations with other nongovernmental pressure groups, the industry is still very profitable despite current regulations. Also, there are other very promising markets such as Africa, Asia and East Europe. However, there will be a question mark on the future of the tobacco industry if these markets also start restricting tobacco sales. It is also known that global and local cigarettes demands are declining as a whole specially in urban markets. 5. 0Recommendations The image of the tobacco company is very important since they are dealing with the very controversial product. It is a well know marketing fact that a companys image plays a vital role in marketing its products. It is well known that there are various ill effects associated with tobacco consumption. Furthermore, the tobacco industry is banned from direct promotions through various media. Therefore, it is important to such companies to find alternative ways to increase their market share. Due to this reason Tobacco Companies can take the following measures to enhance their public image. â⬠¢Can conducted best agro practices with the Ministry of Agriculture â⬠¢Can donated funds to be used to for the benefit of the flood victims Tsunami house reconstructions. â⬠¢Can sponsored the National Quality Awards and Productivity Awards â⬠¢Can contribute to develop rural information communication (ICT) infrastructure by building Information Technology centers. â⬠¢Can back up the artists exhibiting or supporting a book publication Investigate on possibility to develop new types of cigarettes, which actually do not have any medical implications while providing the relevant satisfaction to the smoker. That is potential non smoking safe nicotine sources. More than six percent of the total production of tobacco is smuggled causing losses in revenue and taxes, it might be necessary to form a strategic alliance with the local governments to combat this issue. Ultimately tobacco companies should work to increase the market share since the overall decline in the tobacco market. They should be competitive on quality and price and deliver what the customer demands. They could incorporate good management practices in the reduction of cost. One of the major tasks of companies is to drive productivity (good management practices in the reduction of cost). The three pillars that we work on in order to do this are concentrating on both acquisitive and organic growth, productivity and responsibility because we are marketing a controversial product. Increase advertisements in growing markets in other regions where there are no heavy regulations and restrictions on tobacco industry. Can use more subliminal advertisement in movies. Industry can continue using colored packaging that is each brand has its own color like Benson Hedges are doing advertising indirectly; Gold Leaf is selling in red colored packages. The tobacco industry can also use other products like clothes shoes and caps carrying the brand names of the companies. Smokers Clubs: Companies can sponsor pipe and cigar smokers clubs. This will consist of reserving special times for the clubs to meet and affording them the chance to sample new tobaccos and cigars. This will provide them with a unique opportunity to draw in these high-end customers as there are no such clubs in the metro area. Newsletter: A bi-monthly newsletter can be sent out to interested customers. This newsletter will provide details on new magazines and tobacco products as well as special promotions. For example CTSââ¬â¢s Social Report. New Product Announcements Postcards announcing new additions and features will be mailed out to interested customers as a supplement to the newsletter. It is highly likely that smokers already pay the social cost of smoking given the high level of current tax. Therefore the best argument for increasing taxes is the normative judgment that smoking is bad for people and the government should intervene to reduce demand. In Sri Lanka, BAT has promoted its brands by sponsoring lavish discos at which young, attractive women (called golden girls) work the crowd, handing out cigarettes and encouraging customers to smoke them. Numerous door prizes are given away: key rings, shirts, caps, etc. While young Sri Lankans groove to the latest dance music, a laser light writes Benson Hedges on the walls. BAT also sponsors pop music magazines and rock groups in Sri Lanka, and manages to skirt a ban on cigarette advertising on the radio by underwriting a Golden Tones Contest on the English-language radio station that has a large teen audience. When indirect methods of sports and entertainment sponsorship do not seem to be enough, the companies can always use more direct appeals. In Kandy, Sri Lankas second largest city, BAT has paid to paint the logo of one of its most popular brands on the front wall of a prestigious girls high school and the scoreboard of an exclusive boys high school. BAT also hires young women (at five times the average salary of a university graduate) to drive around the country in bright red Gold Leaf cars and jeeps, giving out free cigarettes and promotional items on college campuses, shopping malls and other places where young people gather. Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-49262810954687316532019-11-29T17:19:00.001-08:002019-11-29T17:19:04.064-08:00The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines Table of Contents Introduction Informed consent Assessment of risks and benefits Selection of subjects Conclusion Reference List Introduction Belmont report has in a great deal helped in establishing ethical guidelines for conducting research and experimentation in several spheres. It has helped in formulation of ethical principles and guidelines that have helped in protection of human subjects who have taken part in research (National Institutes of Health, 1979).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It cannot be denied that scientific research has its inherent social benefits but it has to be noted that some disturbing ethical questions have been raised by these researches (Commission for Protection of Human subjects, 1979). There have been issues related to abuse of human subjects especially after World War II when biomedical e xperiments were conducted on prisoners in concentration camps. There was not for these experiments to be done in an ethical manner. This research will discuss the role Belmont Report has played in establishing ethical guidelines for conducting research and experimentation. Informed consent Belmont report expressly reiterates that subjects who take part in research have to consent to take part in that particular research. The consent has to be informed. Subjects have to be in the know of what is to become of them as participants. This is only possible when certain conditions are satisfied. There are three elements of consent namely information, comprehension, and voluntariness. Subjects have right to know the purpose of the research, the procedure that is involved, the inherent risks and benefits, and where therapy is involved, an alternative procedure that will be involved. Subjects must be accorded opportunity to ask question and withdraw from research when they feel like. Likewise , the subjects have to fully comprehend the manner and context of the information conveyed. Information should not be divulged in disorganized and rapid fashion. A subjectââ¬â¢s consent to participate in a research activity can only valid if they do so voluntarily. Subjects should not be coerced or influenced unduly. Usage of overt threat is unethical as it amounts to coercion. Subjects should also not be inappropriately rewarded as this amount to undue influence. Assessment of risks and benefits Investigators have to ensure that proposed research is properly designed. Assessment of risks and benefits helps the review committee to determine if risks the subjects are presented with are justified.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Assessment of risks and benefits helps the subjects in determining whether they should participate in a study or not. It is pertinent that the nature and scope of the risks involved are ascertained to help subjects know if the risks and benefits are favorable. It is imperative that risks and effects that directly impact the research subject is given much attention. Risks and benefits must be systematically assessed so that a balance is arrived at (Kiefer, 2001). In assessment of justifiability of research, aspects touching on brutality or inhuman treatment of subjects should not be deemed morally justified. When vulnerable populations are involved in a research, it is imperative that a demonstration be made as to why they have to be involved. Selection of subjects Selection of subjects to take part in a research should take into consideration fair procedures and outcomes. Individual justice in selection of subjects requires that fairness be involved. Potentially beneficial researches should not be a preserve of a particular group of subjects. Social justice demands that a distinction be made between subjects that should or should not take part in research. Using this criterion, classes of subjects like the adults, and children do arise. On this basis preference may be given to children or adults. Conclusion Ethics demand that subjects taking part in research are adequately informed about what the research is all about. Moreover, they have to be informed about the risks and the benefits involved. Finally, the selection of subjects should integrate aspects of individual justice and social justice. Reference List National Institutes of Health. (1979). The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Retrieved from https://ohsr.od.nih.gov/ Kiefer, J. (2001). The History and Importance of Informed Consent in Clinical Trials. Retrieved from https://serendipstudio.org/biology/b103/f01/web2/kiefer.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). Regulations and Ethical Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. This essay on The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines was written and submitted by user Carleigh Howell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-86641991465240584632019-11-25T18:53:00.001-08:002019-11-25T18:53:03.618-08:00Intro to Afro-American Studies I Afro-005 Essays - AmericasIntro to Afro-American Studies I Afro-005 Essays - Americas Intro to Afro-American Studies I Afro-005 Dr. Gregory Carr March 7, 2017 What are some of the similarities and differences in practices of self- determination of Africans in the U.S. and their counterparts throughout the hemisphere? Abstract: Africans in the United States and Africans in the Western Hemisphere both practiced self-det ermination. Practices of self-d etermination came in different forms such as marronage and quilombismo , as a means to bring African people together, forming allegiances. Self-determination also came in the form of various techniques of resistance. Having learned techniques of resistance, Africans emerged as a power ful unity and started to resist enslavement. Realizing tha t if they were going to overpower the system of enslavem ent they first had to terminate "dominating social structure", the Africans began their journey in terminating the identity that were given to them and began creating an identity for their selves. Critical Review of Scholarship: Several books as well as class discussions were used as aids to answer this question. One book was Black Movements in American by Cedric Robinson. This book discusses how African people practiced self-determination in many ways and depending on social structure and were able to find themselves. Also discussed in this book is how Black people have been trying to resist slavery. A second book used was the Atlas of African-American History and Politics: From the Slave Trade to Modern Times. This book not only served as a visual, but also talked about the Africans' reasoning behind joining the American Revolution and gave intensive information of Africans' struggle for freedom in United States and throughout the hemisphere. Other evidence that serves as an aid in answering this question are the class discussions led by Dr. Carr. Discussion: To begin, we first define what self-determination is. Self-determination is "a characteristic of a person that leads them to make choices and decisions based on their own preferences and interests, to monitor and regulate their own actions and to be goal-oriented and self-directing". As the self-determination of the Africans strengthened, the vision of their ultimate goal, freedom, grew. No matter what their plans were or how they differed, the end game was always freedom and a chance to create an identity for their selves. As stated in Black Movements in America, "Resistance among the slaves and bonded laborers assumed various appearances: appeals to the court, physical violence, flight, and rebelliousness,". One method used by the Africans to gain freedom was to fight in the American Revolution. However, there were Africans fighting on both sides. As stated in the Atlas of African-American History and Politics, while over 5,000 free blacks served in the Continental Army, there were an equal number of free and runaway black slaves fighting in the British Army. Though they chose to fight on different sides, the goal was still freedom. Another technique used by the Africans to gain freedom through self-determination was to rebel. A great example is the Haitian Revolution, one of the most violent and successful slave revolts of America. It was said that the revolts were very organized. In fact they were so organized that in 1793 the French government, who ruled the island at that time, abolished slavery on the island. Haiti eventually gained its independence in 1804 through consistent rebellions. This shows the level of dedication and self-determination that the Africans in Haiti had. In a class discussion we spoke about a lady named Ona (Oney) Judge. Judge's technique of self-determination and resistance was one more on the nonviolent side. Ona was a slave for George Washington and his wife. She used the law, oddly enough, to gain her freedom. She escaped to New Hampshire, where by law she was technically free. George Washington was unsuccessfully at having her returned to his plantation. In another class discussion we spoke about marronage. Marronage (maroons) is refers to people who escaped slavery, and created independent groups and communities on the outskirts of slave societies. This was another form of a nonviolent technique used by the Africans to gain their freedom. Further Questions: In my attempt to answer the question of what are some of the similarities and differences in practices of self- determination of Africans in the U.S. and Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-37238885578329672322019-11-22T02:17:00.001-08:002019-11-22T02:17:03.613-08:00Free will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsFree will - Essay Example For a human being, true exercise of ââ¬Ëfree willââ¬â¢ is associated with multiple determinants such as physical/causal, psychological, biological and theological, which affect the decision for the ultimate action (Timothy, 2011). Personal, moral and societal constraints may thus affect the true exercise of free will. Free will has also been associated with the concept of moral responsibility for oneââ¬â¢s actions by most philosophersââ¬â¢, who have commented on the topic in history, shifting the onus to the individual being wholly responsible for taking an informed and educated decision when confronted with a peculiar situation or aspect of life (Timothy, 2011). However, there have been contentious issues on understanding the concept of ââ¬Ëfree willââ¬â¢ as philosophers agree, and at the same time disagree on its relationship with determinism (Vargas, 2006). Some philosophers believe that the two are compatible, while othersââ¬â¢ swear to the contrary. Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-46405618791950359772019-11-20T19:25:00.001-08:002019-11-20T19:25:07.598-08:00Summarising a Scientific Journal Literature reviewSummarising a Scientific Journal - Literature review Example Theoretically, this complexity and variability in conclusions implies that parameters used in achieving mixing quality will not always be independent but inversely related to each other (Wolfgang et al., 1999). Practically, all laboratory experimenter are admonished to be very watchful in guiding the fluid mixers in order to achieve uniform outflow of micro channels. Major Findings: Results are in three sections though they all centre round mixing quality. On mixing quality and loss pressure, results revealed that in the presence of large range of volume flow, there is tendency of quality mixing can be achieved if the conditions of proper combination of slit and micro channels are adhered to. This implies that experimenters must be proactive in their choice of micro channel selection. Similarly, Hessel et al. (2005) point out that ââ¬Å"quality mixing can be accomplished by time-pulsing flow owing to a periodical change of pumping.â⬠On the parallelization of mixing elements, r esults showed that reactants achieve high volume flow when channel depths are increased in a single mixing unit. This implies that when using one single mixing unit, parallelization of mixing which ensures increased volume flow in specified regions of >700mL/h cannot be realized. On the actual volume flow as it relates to quality mixing, the results showed that there could be deviations on the volume flow depending on the mixer array. This assertion is however disagreed by Omega (1995) who posits that in a fully laminar system, there is supposed to be constant mixing quality whenever mixing is done over an entire flow range. Weaknesses and Strengths: In the methodology, what was supposed to be an experimentation ended up using too many secondary data and comparative assumptions. For instance instead of the researchers monitoring the mixing time, they stated, ââ¬Å"the mixing time cannot be directly measured by the test reaction. Instead a comparison was made for mixing elements hav ing various channel widths.â⬠It will be noted that any element of mixing is highly important in the results achieved in any micro-mixers experiment. However, the researchers choose comparative assumption. On the use of secondary data, it is admitted that secondary data helps in making qualitative analysis of data highly valid; however in the actual collection of data, it is important that there is a distinction drawn between primary data collection and secondary data collection. If for nothing at all, the researchers could have different sections of their project report, depicting these two variations. The research report has a number of strengths. For instance the presentation of data was very vivid amidst the use of diagrams and figures to elaborate all points. Again, the entire report was well segmented, making the use of the document very easy to follow. For instance the researchers used sub-topics to differentiate new ideas. Suggestions The beauty of all research work is that they are a continuous process. This means that there is always room for improvement and advancement. To this end, some few suggestions are made towards the future improvement of the research work. It is suggested that future researches should make clearer distinction on active and passive mixing principles. This suggestion is given against the backdrop that whenever active and passive principles are used, researchers always have the chance of considering expanded scopes of Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-58729965115465286852019-11-18T21:12:00.001-08:002019-11-18T21:12:03.329-08:00Fences by Augusta Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsFences by Augusta Wilson - Essay Example All The other characters in the play are closely related to the protagonist. The conflicts arises in the play are due to his self illusion and philosophy. He is a person living between two contradictory ideas like that of his name ââ¬ËMaxonââ¬â¢ a fusion of Mason and Dixon. To some extend we feel that he is an unsympathetic character. The illegal relation with Alberta visibly shows that he is a hypocrite. He was insisting others to be perfect in their life, but he was not so. At the same time he enjoys the freedom of choice. Troy never learned how to treat people close to him and he never gave any one a chance to prove themselves because he was selfish. Troyââ¬â¢s relationship with his son ââ¬ËCoryââ¬â¢ reveals the essential quality of a tragic hero, i.e. doing whatever they think right. Troy never allows his son to play football claiming that he doesnââ¬â¢t want Cory to suffer like him. He says ââ¬Å"The white man are not gonna let you get nowhere with that footba ll no wayâ⬠Cory accuses his father and says ââ¬Ëyou just scared Iââ¬â¢m gonna be better than you, thatââ¬â¢s all ââ¬Å". Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-45312645163674195202019-11-16T09:45:00.001-08:002019-11-16T09:45:10.514-08:00Working with emergent changeWorking with emergent change Introduction Nowadays, people tend to speak of living in a fast-moving and unpredictable world (Burnes, 2004, p. 886), in a turbulent, dynamic and unpredictable environment (Burnes, 2000, p. 300) in which the frequency, dimensions and unpredictability of changes are higher than ever before (e.g. Kotter, 1996). Hammer and Champsy even go so far as to say that because of its ubiquity and endurance change is the norm (2001, p.25). Thus, the Heraclitean dictum that everything changes and nothing abides seems more topical than ever. Nonetheless, you have to take notice of the fact that about 70% of all change initiatives fail (Beer Nohria, 2000, p.133). How can this phenomenon be explained? What approaches of change exist and what enables organisations to manage changes successfully? In the following essay, I will first outline the traditional approach of planned change, its critics and, out of these, the evolving Emergent Change approach. Subsequently, I will question if a sheer focus on the apparent predominant processual approach is sufficient. I will do so by outlining case studies of two organisations that successfully implemented changes by paying attention to both planned and emerging changes. These results and Burnes analysis of a further organisational change initiative will lead to my conclusion that the consideration of both perspectives is necessary for successful organisational changes. Then, I will briefly analyse possible reasons that might lead to the previously discussed one-sided perspectives before I end the essay with a conclusion. Planned Change The Planned Change approach seemed to prevail in the theory as well as the practice of change management from the late 1940s to the early 1980s (Burnes, 2000, p.281) and is often referred to as the best developed, documented and supported approach to change (Ibid.). Its roots mainly lie in the work of Kurt Lewin (Bamford and Forrester, 2003, p.547) who is called by Schein the intellectual father of (à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦) planned change (1994, p.239). Many planned change attempts are based on his three-stage model of unfreezing, moving and refreezing (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009). Nevertheless, it has to be noted that Lewin himself believed that a successful change considered his concepts about Field Theory, Group Dynamics and Action Research in addition to his famous three-stage model (Burnes, 2004, p.887). However, in regard to his latter model, the three steps can be outlined as followed: Unfreezing describes the destabilization of a quasi-stationary equilibrium that exists in a compount field of driving and inhibiting forces (Ibid.). It is postulated that this equilibrium has to be unsettled to overcome old stable human behaviour. Moving refers to the process of transmission to a new way of being (http://www.change-management-coach.com/kurt_le win.html). To lead to an enduring change this process requires reinforcement. Thus, the last step, refreezing, covers the stabilization of the new behaviour (Burnes, 2004, p.887). Bamford and Forrester state that this perspective is grounded on the assumption that organisational change is a process that moves from one fixed state to another through a series of pre-planned steps (2003, p.547). Consequently, it is to be systematically analysable and can be intentionally designed, initiated, and realized (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009). The importance of Lewins work on organisational change is indisbutable. Accordingly, several authors have developed resembling approaches, such as Cummings and Huses (1989) eight-phase model or Bullocks and Battens (1985) four phase model of planned change (Bamford Forrester, 2003, p.547). Nonetheless, the weaknesses of the planned change approach at a time in which the environment becomes more and more unpredictable and turbulent seem obvious. Thus, many critical voices arouse especially in the early 1980s following the oil shocks of the 1970s, the expanding Japanese competitive power and the apparent eclipse of Western industry (Burnes, 2000, p.281). These events raised questions regarding the efficacy and appropriateness of the established approaches. The main points of criticism, that mainly came from the culture-excellence school, the postmodernists and the processualists are outlined in the following (Burnes, 2004). First, the Planned Change perspective is reproached to neglect environmental factors that might be incompatible with the planned change. For instance, Stickland, who draws on systems theory, emphasises the role of internal and external influences as drivers for organisational change (Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.4). A further point of criticism, that is especially brought out by the processualists, is that a change is not a series of pre-identified discrete and self-contained events, but a more open-ended and continuous process where it is often unfeasible or unwanted to define a precise end state (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.5). Furthermore, critics, such as Pfeffer (1992), blame the approach for ignoring the role of power and politics. They claim, in addition, that the advocated assumption of easily recognizable and resolvable conflicts is unrealistic in most organisational settings (Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.5). Emergent Change Taking these points of criticism into account, a different perspective on organisational change has evolved, namely an emergent, processual approach. According to Weick, emergent changes comprise ongoing accommodations, adaptions, and alterations that produce fundamental change without a priori intention to do so (2000, p.237) and although Bamford and Forrester argue that its followers seem to be more united in their stance against planned change than their agreement on a specific alternative (2003, p.547), you can still highlight certain characteristics that are typical for the Emergent Change approach. Peculiar to the approach is the assumption that organisational change occurs as a continuous process of experiment and adaption with the goal of adjusting the organisational processes and competences to a continuously changing environment. The idea of a turbulent environment, that prevails in todays societies and makes exclusive planned change programmes insufficient, is supported by several authors. Dawson (1994) and Wilson (1992), for example, emphasize the demands for a higher employee flexibility and constant structural adjustment that are associated with an increasingly dynamic and uncertain business environment (Burnes, 2000, p.283). This constant structural adaption is brought about through a great number of small- to medium-scale incremental changes which might give rise to a major re-configuration and transformation of an organisation (p.299). Related to this assumption is a further characteristic of the Emergend Change Approach, that is to say, the belief in the iterative and messy fashion of change processes (p.300). Thus, Pettigrew stresses the multi-causal, non-linear and unpredictable nature of change that develops through the interplay of multiple variables (à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦) within an organisation (p.284). These variables involve different contexts, political processes and consultation. Similarly, Dawson states that disruption, confusion and unforeseen events that emerge over long time-frames determine change processes (Dawson, 1994, cited in Burnes, 2000, p.285). Furthermore, the Emergent Change perspective sees organisational change as a political-social process and does not narrow it down to a sheer analytical-rational routine (p.300). Hence, it is assumed that during a change various parties will seek to preserve or amend their own interests. This can lead to conflicts and intrigues. Accordingly, Burnes argues that the successful management of power and politics is a prerequisite for effective change (p.292). These power struggles are not limited to the upper professions of an organisation. Thus, Burnes continues that it is beneficial not only to possess the support of senior and local managers, but also of trade unions and workplace employees. Summing up, you can say that the Emergent Change approach stems from the idea that change is continuous, unpredictable, and essentially political in nature (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.5). It evolved in response to the traditional Planned Change approach that rooted in the works of Kurt Lewin, but seemed insufficient in a time characterized by a dynamic and unpredictable environment. However, although the declination of the Planned Change approach appeared predominant and the literature provided increasing support for the Emergent Change approach, it has to be questioned if a sheer focus on the lauded processual approach is adequate. Or would organisations profit from a combinational perspective paying attention to both approaches? Several authors, in fact, suggest combining varying approaches to change (e.g. Burnes, 2004; Beer and Nohria, 2000) or have developed connection frames to link planned and emergent change over time (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.3). In the foll owing I will present two examples of organisational changes to underpin my opinion that neither a solely planned nor a sheer emergent change approach is likely to lead to successful changes. On the contrary, I argue for a combination of both approaches. Example 1 A first example of the insufficiency of a perspective that would solely focus on planned or emergent changes is provided by Orlikowski and Hofman (2003) who studied the introduction of a new technology and the accompanied changes in a software company. They even go one step further and assume not just planned and emergent changes in organisations, but also opportunity-based changes. Zeta is one of the Top 50 software companies in the USA and produces several powerful software products enabling decision support, executive information and marketing (p.269). Furthermore, it has a revenue of $100 million, and employs approximately 1000 people in its offices around the world. In 1992, a new groupware technology was introduced in the Customer Service Department (CSD) within which a new Incident Tracking Support System (ITSS) was developed. The CSD consisted of specialists who technically advised clients, consultants and other Zeta employees and stakeholders via telephone. The aim of the new ITSS was to facilitate the minuting of customer calls and of the respective resolving progress of customers problems. In the course of this process some planned organisational changes were executed. These changes are referred to as planned changes because they were predicted prior to the introduction of the new technology. For instance, the specialists were now to provide an additional work-in-progress documentation and the managers controled the departments recources more precisely through the real-time access to workload information (p.271). Nevertheless, while using of the new technology, several emergent changes could be noted as well. The specialists, for example, worked out a body of informal quality indicators to ascertain the quality and value of prior resolutions (p.270) and managers considered documentation skills as decisive factors in hiring and evaluation processes. In the course of time further changes were introduced which Orlikowski and Hofman reference to as opportunity-based changes. In contrast to the beforehand mentioned, these changes were neither anticipated before the introduction of the new technology nor did they simply emerge spontaneously. Opportunity-based changes occur when an emergent change is observed and actors deliberatley decide to reinforce (or undercut) that change (http://icd.si.umich.edu/~cknobel/?q=node/41). Thus, they are enforced in situ and responding to arising chances and problems. An example of such an opportunity-based change appeared along the invention of partnerships betwee n less expert junior specialists and more experienced senior specialists to redistribute call loads which lead to unforeseen problems. For instance, the junior specialists refused to cede calls that were too difficult to their senior partners because they wanted to appear competent and didnt want their senior partners to be overloaded. On the other hand, the senior specialists were too engaged to monitor their junior partners. Thus, the new role of an intermediary was introduced to prevent the collapse of the system. This intermediary was seen as a buffer to facilitate the information flow between the junior and the senior partner. A range of opportunity-based changes arouse during the usage of the new technology that demonstrated the importance of ongoing learning and change in practice in organizations. Thus, the example showed that although planned changes occur in organisations, they are usually accompanied by emergent and opportunity-based changes. This means that the planned change of the introduction of the new technology in the CSD was followed by other planned changes as the additional work tasks of the employees on the one hand. Nevertheless, further ongoing changes emerged that made a continuous adaption of the organization essential. Example 2 Wikstrà ¶m (2004) presents another vivid example of an organisation that has to deal with planned as well as emergent changes that arise at environmental, organisational and individual levels. His case study of the company Tieto-X discusses a successful customer relationship marketing (CRM) implementation and illustrates diverse ongoing changes to which the company had to respond. Tieto-X is Finlands leading contract work solutions company that specializes in Information Technology. In 2002 employed about 270 people. The structure of the organisation and the collaboration with its clients made it necessary that the customer could have recourse to Tieto-Xs operational system. This allowed the client, for example, to follow up the progress of an IT project. To cope with its rapid growth, Tieto-X decided to start a total systems renewal process in 2002 (p.6) and to change its business strategy from product/service-oriented to a customer-oriented one (p.8). In addition to this planned change event the company was exposed to several further planned as well as emerging changes that took place on an environmental, organisational and individual level (p. 6). On an environmental level of observation, Tieto-X faced, for instance, the socalled Year 2000 phenomen and Finlands accession to the EMU that both lead to increased business chances through higher demands for IT services. Another emergent change event that affected the company from the environment was the enlarged entry of foreign firms into the Finish market and the accompanied sharpened competetion. On an organisational level several planned change events could be observed in addition to the beforehand mentioned fundamental change of Tieto-Xs business strategy to a more customer-oriented perspective and the final CRM implementation. For instance, there were multiple company mergers during the years 2000 and 2002 and the associated merging of disparate organisational cultures. Furthermore, a new product and service portfolio was elaborated and an altered reward system was invented. However, even on this organisational level of observation, Tieto-X had to cope with an emergent change event, namely the turnover of top management. Moreover, you could observe different planned and emergent change events on an individual level. Thus, changes in occupational descriptions and new divisions of tasks represented planned change events and the rise in turnover of salespeople as well as the request for new competencies consituted emergent changes to which the company had to respond. The example illustrates that organisational change is a multifaceted phenomenon (p.9) with planned and emergent changes happening on an environmental, organisational and individual level. Tieto-Xs CRM implementation was successful because the organisation managed to deal with both the anticipated as well as the ongoing and unforeseen changes. Complementing the two discussed cases that clearly demonstrate the need for organisations to pay attention to both planned and emergent changes, Burnes is a decisive advocate of the combinational perspective. For instance, he draws on the case of XYZ construction, a multi-national enterprise that used planned as well as emergent changes between 1996 and 2000 to transform itself, illustrating that planned and emergent changes are not to be seen as competitors and that they are neither mutually exclusive nor incapable (Burnes, 2004, p.899). In addition to spotting the right moment when an organisation is ready for a change, he identifies the ability to understand the organisational context as a key competency of management to ensure successful organisational changes. Thus, the management has to comprehend the organisations nature and its circumstances that determine what and how changes have to occur (Ibid.). Possible reasons for a onesided perspective Regarding this discussion one might ask why people solely considered a planned or emergent change approach in the first place. The reasons for managers to consider planned change initiatives seem obvious. First, planned change programmes communicate a sense of security and control (e.g. Nutt, 1993). The idea of a change initiative starting at a certain point, running through a series of predetermined stages and ending at a predefined endpoint might appear riskless and especially appealing to managers who face the pressure of conducting a change programme while keeping up the business as usual. Furthermore, people perceive uncertainness as strongly aversive in general (Bordia, Hobman, Jones, Gallois and Callan, 2004). Even if one could argue that this promised predictability might be illusionary when conducting change problems in real dynamic business environments with people who are, at least partly, led by their own desires, fears, perceptions and assumptions, one has to take into a ccount that some situations certainly require a planned, systematic approach. Consider for example the introduction of a new IT-sytem. On the other hand, advocates of the emergend change approach might argue that planned changes are useless because of the unpredictable nature of the organisations business environment and the change process in general. Thus, they might ask why attempt a planned change anyway if you assume that plan A does not lead to anticipated result B. Here you see a problem that is often associated with approaches that arise out of a backblash from an apparent devaluated one. Although the main ideas themselves seem totally reasonable and appropriate, a sheer focus on the newly originated aspects might turn out to be as insufficient as the initially criticised approach. Conclusion This essay critcally discussed the statement that as the environment becomes more unpredictable, OD will have to help organisations learn to work with emergent change (in addition to planned change). Therefore, I introduced the traditional approach of planned change and the critical review that faced it especially during the 1980s. The Emergent Change approach that arouse out of the outlined points of cristicsm was presented subsequently. Afterwards, I challenged the appropriateness of the Emergent Change approach and raised the question if it might be necessary to consider both approaches to set the conditions for successful organisational changes. Hence, I analysed this question by presenting two case studies of organisations that faced planned and emergent change events during their organisational changes. Both companies succeed due to their attention paid to both approaches. This fact and Burkes case study strengthened my belief in the beforehand raised question and led to my con clusion that an organisation must to be able to deal with planned and emergent changes to survive in the dynamic and unpredictable environment of the 21st century. Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886097591449895436.post-58310102500075344142019-11-13T22:16:00.001-08:002019-11-13T22:16:04.724-08:00Frankenstein and Gulliverââ¬â¢s Travels Essay :: Character Analysis, Gulliver, MonsterMary Shelley and Jonathan Swift were completely usâ⬠(Swift, 73). Swift doesnââ¬â¢t think highly of chambermaids. Swift in general portrays females, even his wife, in a rather unjust way. The girls of Brobdingnag ââ¬Å"would strip themselves to the skin, and put on their smocks in my presence, while I was placed on their toilet directly before their naked bodies, which, I am sure, to me was very far from being a tempting sight, or from giving me any other emotions than those of horror and disgust.â⬠(Swift 133) Gulliverââ¬â¢s thoughts clearly address the youth of Swiftââ¬â¢s time. Contrary to Swiftââ¬â¢s writing, Shellyââ¬â¢s Frankenstein portrays females in an esteemed fashion. Females play active roles in Frankenstein, whether to Victor or to Felix. In fact, women help Victor develop in the readerââ¬â¢s eyes which is impossible to notice unless they are mentioned. Elizabeth is the guiding light of Victor, before and after his maddening state of c reation. When Victor is re-united with Elizabeth he describes her in romantic fashion, ââ¬Å"time had since I last beheld her; it had endowed her with loveliness surpassing the beauty of her childish years.â⬠(Shelly 67) This is completely opposite to Gulliver. Whether it be his mom, Justine, or Elizabeth; Victor has positive encounters with females. It can also be noted that the Frankenstein monster ââ¬Å"demand[s] a creature of another sexâ⬠¦ and it shall content meâ⬠(Shelly 135). This request that the monster asks for is crucial as it shows the necessary interactions between males and females that Shelly, not Swift, shows. Although both stories are completely different, they have one underlying theme that they both follow. All of the main characters of both stories point out major human flaws. Gulliver and the Frankenstein monster are depictions of human nature. Gulliver shows this through the people and societies he meets in his travels. Swift, through Gulliver, depicts the flaws of modern religion with the disputes of the Lilliputians and their beliefs of breaking ââ¬Å"eggs at the most convenient endsâ⬠(Swift 59). The reader quickly dismisses this conflict as laughable because of the absurdity of the dispute, and this is a perfect example of Swiftââ¬â¢s uncanny satirical powers. Swift leaves no group unscathed in his book. Gulliver ,while traveling through the Islands of Laputa, talks about scientist and their projects in that ââ¬Å"The only inconvenience is, that none of these projects are yet brought to perfection, and in the mean time, the whole country lies miserably wasteâ⬠(Swift 196). Rodney Sniderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12356159339333265209noreply@blogger.com0